aUENCHING 
MEDIA 



HOW 

THE HOUGHTON RESEARCH STAFF 

MADE UNIFORMITY POSSIBLE 

WITH OIL HARDENING 



E. F. HOUGHTON &^ COMPANY 

OILS am^ LEATHERS for the INDUSTRIES 
PHILADELPHIA 



QUENCHING 
MEDIA 



HOW 

THE HOUGHTON RESEARCH STAFF 

MADE UNIFORMITY POSSIBLE 

WITH OIL HARDENING 



E. F. HOUGHTON &^ COMPANY 

OILS and LEATHERS for the INDUSTRIES 

PHILADELPHIA 



A 



Copyright 1922 

BY 

E. F. Houghton & Co. 



©C1A688226 



MOV -2 '22 



THE OBJECT OF QUENCHING 

'T^HE hardening of steel consists in heating it to a 
certain temperature, and then quenching. This 
temperature to which the steel must be heated before 
it can be hardened by quenching is known as the critical 
temperature or critical range. 

In order to utilize the properties imparted to steel by 
the addition of carbon, it is necessary to heat the steel 
through the critical range and then obtain the hardness 
desired for the purpose by regulating the cooling speed. 

Steel heated above the critical range has the carbon 
in solution, and when rapidly cooled this carbon is still 
retained in solution. The more rapid the rate of cooling, 
the greater the amount of carbon is held in solution; 
and, consequently, the greater the degree of hardness 
obtained. 

To secure maximum hardness, the steel must be 
quenched with the utmost rapidity, in a quenching bath 
which will cool the steel to atmospheric temperature in 
the shortest possible time. 

The resulting hardness varies directly with the efficiency 
of the bath as an abstractor of heat, or its ability to re- 
move the heat from the steel, and is inversely a function 
of the time required to cool the steel to ordinary tempera- 
ture; that is, the quicker the steel is cooled the greater 
its hardness. 

The degree of increase in hardness obtained by quench- 
ing in different grades of steel is governed by the particular 
composition of the steel, as well as by the rate of cooling. 

The rate of cooling in turn is dependent upon the size 
of the piece of steel to be hardened and on the nature of 
the quenching medium used. 

3 



QUENCHING MEDIA 



The selection of the proper quenching medium depends 
upon the use to which the hardened steel is to be put and 
on the character of the material to be hardened. 

As the rate of cooling of the steel from the critical or 
hardening temperature to atmospheric temperature con- 
trols the degree of hardness, we have given considerable 
study to the rate of quenching speeds of the various 
temperatures through which the steel passes from the 
hardening point to atmospheric temperature. 

We have also studied these speeds with various 
temperatures of the quenching bath, to determine if the 
temperature of the quenching medium would influence to 
any great extent the quenching speed through these 
various ranges of temperature as the steel cools. 

The quenching mediums used generally by the metal 
working trade are brine water, plain water, soda ash 
water, and oil. 

Brine 

ORINE is the fastest quenching medium. 

Hardness and brittleness usually accompany one 
another; with extreme hardness, brittleness results, and 
to obtain toughness, hardness is sacrificed. Therefore, 
the use of brine is limited, inasmuch as it produces ex- 
treme hardness and brittleness. 

Owing to the rapidity of the quenching speed of brine, 
great care must be exercised in the selection of the proper 
work for brine quenching, as its great quenching speed 
produces considerable warpage, sets up strains and 
frequently develops cracks, especially with intricate 
shaped pieces. 

4 



QUENCHING MEDIA 



Water 

T^TATER is slower in its quenching speed than brine, 
and is used for work where the extreme brittleness 
produced from a brine quench is objectionable. 

Water quenching also produces brittleness, but not to 
the extent of brine quenching. For work to be subjected 
to shock in service, this excess brittleness, and also strains 
and stresses due to hardening, are to a great extent re- 
moved in a subsequent tempering or drawing heat. 

During the War it was learned by several of the large 
metal working concerns in this country that water quench- 
ing lacked uniformity, and the variation in hardness, and 
the strains and stresses which were set up in quenching 
large work in water, were a very serious problem. 

Many concerns erroneously thought the use of hot 
water reduced the quenching speed, and that it would 
overcome the strains and stresses due to water quenching. 
Others found by experiment that the rate at which the 
steel passed through the critical range had no effect upon 
the development of strains and stresses, but the lack of 
uniformity in cooling steel from the critical range to at- 
mospheric temperature was the important factor. 

For instance, large forgings which were quenched in 
water (irrespective of the temperature of the water), and 
allowed to cool to atmospheric temperature in the quench- 
ing water, developed internal strains and in many cases 
cracked, but the same work quenched through the critical 
range in water down to a temperature of 700° to 800° F., 
and then withdrawn from the quenching medium and 
allowed to cool in the atmosphere had fewer internal 
strains and would not crack. 

5 



QUENCHING MEDIA 



Quenching Speed Varies With Water 

AS a result of the research work by the Houghton Re- 
'^"^ search Staff, we learned from the following experi- 
ments that the quenching speed varied considerably with 
the temperature of the quenching water; that is, the 
quenching speed through the critical range of the steel 
could be varied according to the temperature of the water, 
but the cooling range from the critical temperature to 
atmospheric temperature was not affected by the tempera- 
ture of the quenching water. 

Test specimens employed in the research work were of 
the design as shown in Fig. 1. 




o. r — ^"—7^ 



Fig. 1 






The surface area of the test bar was 693^ square inches 
and weighed 113^ pounds. 

The analysis of the steel specimen was as follows: — • 

Carbon 45 

Manganese 84 

Silicon 02 

Sulphur 05 

Phosphorus 02 

Inserted in the test bar was a calibrated base metal 
thermocouple which was used for temperature measure- 
ments. A similar couple was placed in the heating furnace 

6 



QUENCHING MEDIA 



so that the time of soaking could be carefully controlled, 
and an indicating potentiometer was employed for read- 
ing the millivoltage of the couples; or, in other words, 
the temperature of the furnace and test bar. 




^riANGE 



Fig. 2 



Made of No. 18 Sheet Metal Welded at all Joints. This Must be Water-tight 



QUENCHING MEDIA 



The quenching tank consisted of a galvanized can pro- 
vided with an asbestos cover and stirring device to pre- 
vent heat losses, as shown in Fig. 2. 

The tank was insulated with asbestos pulp six inches 
thick. 

We did not install any cooling apparatus for making 
this test as comparative results could be obtained by two 
methods. 

First, the use of a circulating system of such construc- 
tion that the bath temperature would not change through- 
out the experiment. 

Second, the entire avoidance of any cooling of the 
medium. 

Any standard conditions between these two extremes 
would have been very difficult to obtain. Therefore, the 
oil was not cooled during the experiment. 

The test bar was heated in an electric furnace, observa- 
tion being taken of both furnace and test bar, and after 
thoroughly heating at the temperature of 810° C, it was 
removed from the furnace and immediately immersed in 
the quenching medium. 

The depth of immersion and location of the tank were 
constant throughout the experiments. 

The stirring apparatus was immediately started after 
the piece was immersed. 

Two thermometers, one at the top and one at the 
bottom of the medium, were used. 

Temperature observations were taken by means of the 
couple and indicator mentioned above, and a chronograph 
was employed for recording the time required to cool the 
steel at each 50° C. interval. 



QUENCHING MEDIA 



The 


'ollowing table 


shows 


the conclusions of these 


experiments: 












Initial 
Temper- 


Time required to drop 


from 


Final 
Temper- 
ature 


Rise in 
Temper- 


ature 


800° to 


600° to 


400° to 


300° to 


ature 


rc.) 


600° C. 


400° C. 


300° C. 


200° C. 


( °c. ) 


( °c. ) 




Seconds 


Seconds 


Seconds 


Seconds 








Hought 


on's No. 


2 Soluble Quenching Oil 




28.0 


64.50 


66. IS 


59.25 


97.50 


56.0 


28.0 


58.0 


63.50 


67.00 


62.25 


112.50 


83.0 


25.0 


86.0 


50.00 


50.75 


59.00 
Water 


111.00 


110.0 


24.0 


26.0 


28.75 


15.25 


11.50 


20.00 


40.0 


14.0 


41.0 


28.75 


14.75 


11.50 


19.25 


55.0 


14.0 


80.0 


82.00 


18.00 


10.75 


17.75 


91.5 


11.5 


92.0 


170.00 


26.75 


14.25 


26.25 


99.0 


7.0 



The rate of cooling between the range of 800° and 
600° C. is considered in this discussion as the rate of 
cooling through the critical range. 

The experiment proved beyond all question of doubt 
that the final hardness of the quenched piece can be 
regulated, not only by the rate of cooling through the 
critical range, but also by the rate of cooling after the 
material has passed through the critical range; in other 
words, a quenching bath composed of some imaginary 
liquid might cool the steel with great rapidity through 
the critical range, but after this point is passed the rate 
of cooling could be made very slow. 

A piece of steel quenched in such a liquid would not 
be hard, notwithstanding the fact that it was hardened 
when quenched, but it would draw or temper itself on 
cooling down. 

For convenience in comparison, the range between 600° 
and 400° C. has been considered as the tempering zone. 

9 



QUENCHING MEDIA 



Another fact well established by this research work was 
that the cracking of a piece of steel during the quenching 
operation takes place in the lower temperature ranges. 

Distortion might be brought about by a too rapid 
cooling through the critical range, but a piece of uniform 
section could only be cracked or checked by rapid cooling 
in the zone where the steel is no longer plastic or easily 
deformed. For this reason the temperature range 400° to 
300° C. is considered the dangerous or cracking zone. 

Although rapid cooling below 300° C. is exceedingly 





















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(.«^ 


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ti^ 


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O 



































ZO >30 lO <50 6o ^70 aO VO 100 

TEMPERATURE OF QUENCHING BATH ° C. 



2o >3o ^o ^o bo lo So 9o /oo 

TEMPERATURE OF QUENCHING BATH ° C. 



10 



QUENCHING MEDIA 



dangerous, it is improbable that a forging in actual prac- 
tice would be left in a quenching medium below this 
temperature. 

Having, therefore, established three zones, the limits 
of which will vary with the composition of the steel em- 



no 


1 
















170 
1 /60 

Q: 


















































/So 

mo 




































































Ht 


t/ot 


Hoo 


-50< 


J-C 










Hr 


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Zoo 

































































^ • 


KO^ 




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100 




















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60 


















































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Zo 30 no kSo 60 70 flO 90 /OO 
TEMPERATURE OF QUENCHING BATH ° C. 



Zo >3o 4o v5o 60 7o Qo <?o <oo 

TEMPERATURE OF QUENCHING BATH ° C. 



ployed, it is only necessary to compare the rate of cooling 
in these three zones in order to arrive at the relation 
between water and Houghton's no. 2 soluble quenching 

OIL. 



11 



QUENCHING MEDIA 



An examination of the various curves will show that 
water with an initial bath temperature of 40° C. is a 
very effective medium in cooling through the critical 
range. The rate of cooling of the same medium in the 
tempering zone is much more rapid than in the critical 
range. The rate of cooling in the ranges from 400° to 300° 
and 300° to 200° C. is also very rapid. A study of these 
curves, with particular reference to the rate of cooling in 
the last two mentioned zones, will explain the danger of 
cracking when water is used as a quenching medium, par- 
ticularly if the piece is allowed to remain in the quenching 
bath until cold. 

We call particular attention to the fact that when the 
initial temperature of the water bath was 80° C. the rate 
of cooling through the critical range was much slower 
than that which existed for Houghton's no. 2 soluble 
QUENCHING OH.. This, however, did not occur in the 
tempering and danger zones. In other words, hot water 
will cool the steel less rapidly through the critical range 
than Houghton's no. 2 soluble quenching oil, but in 
the dangerous or cracking zones it will cool the steel 
much more rapidly than the oil. 

Hot Water Should Be Avoided 

"LJOT WATER as a quenching medium gives a very 
singular and undesirable condition of slow cooling 
through the critical range; followed, as it is, by rapid 
cooling after passing through this period, and in our 
opinion the use of hot water as a quenching medium 
should, therefore, be avoided. We emphasize this very 
forcibly, as there is no question of doubt that many 
plants are experiencing considerable trouble from this 

12 



QUENCHING MEDIA 



cause. To more clearly define: — Hot water as a quench- 
ing medium will produce very slow cooling through the 
critical range, followed by rapid cooling through the 
tempering and danger zones. The result is that proper 
hardening never takes place, while at the same time the 
dangers arising from cracking are in no way reduced by 
the use of hot water. 

Assuming then that an ideal quenching medium is one 
which gives a very rapid rate of cooling in the quenching 
and tempering zones, and at the same time gives a slow 
rate of cooling in the danger zone, it is evident that 
water does not meet the ideal conditions. 

This could possibly be overcome to some extent by 
withdrawing the quenched pieces from the quenching 
bath at the proper temperature, but this is neither prac- 
tical nor convenient, especially when small work is to be 
hardened. 

An inspection of the curves of the steel quenched in 
Houghton's no. 2 soluble quenching oil will show that 
we have produced an oil that furnishes the maximum 
rate of cooling through both the quenching and temper- 
ing zones and the minimum rate of cooling in the danger 
zones. We have also produced in Houghton's no. 2 
SOLUBLE quenching OIL a quenching medium in which the 
rate of cooling is not affected by the bath temperatures 
usually encountered in a commercial installation. 

Soda Ash Solution 

CODA ASH SOLUTION, containing 5% of soda ash, 

is slightly slower in its quenching speed than plain 

water, but has been adopted by many concerns who 

13 



QUENCHING MEDIA 



require for their class of work a quenching medium which 
will give approximately the hardness of water with less 
brittleness. Soda ash solutions prevent to some extent 
the rusting or corrosion of hardened steel often caused 
by plain water quenching. 

Animal and Vegetable Oils 

ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE OILS will harden satis- 
'^"^ factorily when fresh, or when first used, but on 
continued use their quenching speed lessens. 

Any liquid which will not ignite will harden after a 
fashion. Originally the animal and vegetable oils were 
employed exclusively for oil quenching, upon the theory 
that these two groups possessed a much higher ignition 
point than the mineral oils, but as the temperature of the 
steel was always 500° C. or Fahr. plus higher than the 
ignition point of any oil, it was afterwards discovered 
that the ignition point was not so serious, providing 
sufficient volume of oil was used. 

It is a well-known phenomenon that all animal and 
vegetable oils "cook," when they are continually subjected 
to high temperatures, and this cooking process breaks up 
the union between the oil and the solid matter (usually 
stearine, held in the oil in solution), and consequently 
where animal or vegetable oils have been used, a thick 
residuum or sludge forms in the bottom of the tank. 
This sludge is of low thermal conductivity, and naturally 
when the pieces to be hardened sink into it, the results 
are generally unsatisfactory. 

The fact that uniform quenching speeds could not be 
obtained with such oils for this purpose instigated con- 
siderable research along these lines by us, and mixtures 

14 



QUENCHING MEDIA 



of such oils with mineral oils in varying proportions were 
tested without overcoming this very objectionable feature. 

No one has succeeded in reducing the oxidizing proper- 
ties of animal or vegetable oils to prevent such oils thicken- 
ing when used as quenching mediums, nor has any one 
succeeded in preventing the decomposition of the animal 
and vegetable fats. 

Mineral Oils 

pETROLEUM OILS are peculiar in the fact that they 
are composed of an innumerable number of hydro- 
carbons of different boiling points. It makes no difference 
what is the character of a petroleum oil, it may in turn 
be broken up into other petroleum hydrocarbons of differ- 
ent boiling points, and these in turn may still be further 
broken up. The only limit to the continuance of such a 
process is the limit of the machine or apparatus to effect 
the breaking up. 

Consequently, where mineral oils are used for quench- 
ing, there is a constant breaking up of the oil, producing 
an evaporation of the lower boiling point units and a 
gradual decrease in the fluidity of the oil, and inasmuch, 
when all other things are equal, the thermal conductivity 
of an oil increases as its fluidity increases, mineral or 
petroleum oils have been found to give irregular results 
and to lessen in their cooling speed upon continued use. 



15 



INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH WORK 

]\ /TANY firms, now actively engaged in manufacturing, 
remember when the staple products, such as sperm 
oil, whale oil, seal oil, fish oil, castor oil, olive oil, tallow 
and suet, were the only oils and greases available for use 
in the industrial arts. 

As the sciences of analytical and engineering chemistry 
have advanced, it has been possible to study the require- 
ments of each specific use to which an oil is put and adopt 
a special oil for each specific purpose. 

Thus we have one special oil for heavy machinery lubri- 
cation, another for regular line shafting, and still another 
for lighter machinery, where formerly sperm oil answered 
for all needs. 

As a result, the use of staples for any specific purpose 
has gradually become obsolete. 

When oil hardening came into general use, whale oil, 
seal oil, fish oil, linseed oil, cottonseed oil, lard oil and 
other animal and vegetable oils were the only available 
products. We thoroughly appreciated the objectionable 
features of such oils, and knew from experience they 
were not dependable or well adapted to hardening pur- 
poses, so we immediately started a research and investiga- 
tion in an endeavor to produce a medium, possessing all 
the necessary properties and free from the objectionable 
features of the animal and vegetable oils. 

In our investigation of quenching mediums, we took 
into consideration the fact that as no air gets to the oil 
below the surface, and that so long as the oil on the 
surface, which is exposed to the air, does not reach the 
temperature of its fire test, there can be no ignition, no 

16 



QUENCHING MEDIA 



matter how much heat is applied to the oil under the 
surface. 

If, however, the oil is of such a nature that the moment 
the heat strikes it it will immediately flow away from the 
metal, such action will in turn suck in cold oil to be 
treated and repelled. Circulating systems in the tank 
by which the oil is kept moving, of course, aid this 
process, but they do not, as some might suppose, permit 
the use of an inferior quenching oil with economical 
results. 

The circulating system aids only after the oil, which 
comes in direct contact with the hot metal, has absorbed 
heat, gets away from the metal and begins to lose its 
momentum. 

We then made a thorough investigation of every known 
animal and vegetable oil and grease in an endeavor to 
produce an animal hydrocarbon oil, and after a process 
of elimination concentrated upon the distillation of wool 
fat or wool grease. This grease has an unsaponifiable 
content varying from 40% to 50%. 

We might mention, incidentally, that Professor Augus- 
tus H. Gill of the Massachusetts School of Technology, 
Cambridge, Mass., is one of the highest authorities in the 
United States upon the subject of animal hydrocarbon 
or distilled oils from wool grease. 

It was necessary to employ a peculiar process of dis- 
tillation in distilling these greases; that is, a process which 
was not destructive. 

This produced an unoxidizable animal hydrocarbon oil 
of extreme fluidity and penetrating properties, and one 
possessing marvelous heat absorbing powers. 

17 



QUENCHING MEDIA 



We also ascertained that this oil possessed the highest 
refrigerating properties; did not decompose after repeated 
quenchings of hot metal; had not the slightest tendency 
to separate under the heat to which it was subjected by 
the quenching operation, had almost the minimum 
tendency to evaporate, and was void of any fractional 
distillation. 

Another very noticeable and peculiar action in the dis- 
tillation of wool grease was that of the distilled product 
being free from "light ends" such as occur in the distilla- 
tion of petroleum. 

We have finally succeeded in producing a non-oxidizable 
oil, which is in itself a unit, under all conditions of quench- 
ing, and, therefore, will not undergo fractional distillation, 
or cause a residuum or sludge, and which will evaporate 
least of all and also absorb the heat from the metal in 
the shortest length of time. Inasmuch as no one oil 
possesses all of these merits within itself, naturally the 
perfected oil is a blend, but a blend so harmonious and 
perfect as to be inseparable under all conditions of use. 
This oil is marketed as Houghton's no. 2 soluble quench- 
ing OIL, and has been more generally used for quenching 
purposes than all others combined. 

Houghton's no. 2 soluble quenching oil is made 
especially for the heat treatment of steel. It is free from 
oxygen and all ingredients possessing a tendency to oxi- 
dize or decompose. 

Houghton's quenching oils are made with every scien- 
tific consideration for the requirements of service which 
they are to perform. 

In considering oils for hardening purposes, care should 
be exercised in selecting one which will give uniform 

18 



QUENCHING MEDIA 



quenching speed; which will not produce gaseous vapors 
at low temperatures, and which will not oxidize or thicken 
with repeated use. 

The quenching speed of an oil depends upon its 
refrigerating properties, also its fluidity or viscosity. 
Should an oil decompose by continued use through ab- 
sorbing oxygen from the air, its refrigerating properties 
will change, and the thickening up when decomposition 
sets in, reduces the quenching speed correspondingly. 

The more viscous an oil, the slower its quenching speed. 

It is desirable, therefore, to use an oil which is fluid 
when fresh and which will not thicken or decompose when 
in constant use. 

When an oil changes by use, corresponding variations 
in the hardness of the steel quenched will be experienced. 

We guarantee Houghton's no. 2 soluble quenching oil 
to give uniform hardness at all temperatures of the 
quenching bath from 80° to 250° F. We also guarantee 
it not to decompose or thicken by continued use, to be 
free from moisture, and that it can be used over and over 
again without losing its quenching speed or in any way 
aftecting the hardening of steel, irrespective of the length 
of time it is used for the quenching of steel. 

Test for Ouenching Speed at 
Various Temperatures 

npHE test piece for this experiment was made from 
low carbon-chrome-vanadium steel of electric furnace 
manufacture, \7" long, and 33^'' round. One end of the 
bar for a distance of 11'' was machined to 1}/^" round 
and the remaining 6" was machined to 3" round. This 

19 



QUENCHING MEDIA 



piece was then drilled with a hole '^/^' in diameter from 
the \y^' section to within XYi' of its base. A thermo- 
couple was inserted inside this 'Y^' hole. All heating was 
done in lead and the test piece was heated to 1200° F. 
When thoroughly heated through to this temperature it 
was quickly immersed to a constant depth in 25 gallons 
of Houghton's no. 2 soluble quenching oil. The im- 
mersion was such that the quenched mass was equally 
surrounded on all sides by the same depth of quenching 
fluid. A stop-watch was used to measure the time re- 
quired to cool the steel from 1200° to 600° F. 

HOUGHTON'S No. 2 SOLUBLE QUENCHING OIL 



Temperature 


of Quenching Bath 
°F. 


Rise 
°F. 


Time 
in Seconds 


Start 


Finish 


73.5 


90 


16.5 


97 


90 


105 


15 


99 


105 


118 


13 


102 


118 


131 


13 


104 


131 


144 


13 


103 


144 


155 


11 


102 


155 


166 


11 


101 


166 


177 


11 


101 


177 


186 


11 


101 


186 


198 


12 


101 


198 


205 


7 


104 


205 


213 


8 


104 


213 


218 


7 


109 


218 


225 


7 


108 


225 


235 


10 


110 


235 


242 


7 


104 


242 


249 


7 


93 


249 


256 


7 


92 



20 



QUENCHING MEDIA 



PARAFFINE OIL— (Mineral Oil) 



Temperature of Quenching Bath 
°F. 



Start 



Finish 




Time 

in Seconds 



70 


86 


16 


145 


86 


101 


15 


140 


101 


115 


14 


144 


lis 


127 


12 


145 


127 


139 


12 


142 


139 


151 


12 


143 


151 


161 


10 


143 


161 


172 


11 


147 


172 


182 


10 


150 


182 


192 


10 


152 


192 


201 


9 


151 


201 


209 


8 


156 


209 


217 


8 


153 


217 


226 


9 


144 


226 


235 


9 


153 


235 


243 


8 


150 


243 


249 


6 


143 


249 


254 


5 


140 



RED ENGINE OIL- 


-(Mineral Oil) 


Temperature of Quenching Bath 
°F. 


Rise 
°F. 


Time 
in Seconds 


Start Finish 



62 


76 


14 


139 


76 


90 


14 


137 


90 


103 


13 


132 


103 


116 


13 


131 


116 


129 


13 


125 


129 


142 


13 


125 


142 


154 


12 


116 


154 


166 


12 


112 


166 


177 


11 


106 


177 


188 


11 


102 


188 


199 


11 


100 


• 199 


209 


11 


93 


209 


220 


11 


105 


220 


230 


10 


109 


230 


240 


10 


112 


240 


250 


10 


114 



21 



QUENCHING MEDIA 



HOUGHTON'S SPECIAL "C" TEMPERING OR 
DRAWING OIL 

(Heavy, Viscous Mineral Oil) 



Temperature 


of Quenching Bath 
° F. 


Rise 
°F. 


Time 
in Seconds 


Start 




Finish 


75 




84 


9 


181 


84 




100 


16 


176 


100 




110 


10 


175 


110 




120 


10 


173 


120 




131 


11 


163 


131 




142 


11 


167 


142 




152 


10 


167 


152 




161 


9 


167 


161 




170 


9 


161 


171 




180.5 


9.5 


157 


ISO 




190 


10 


154 


190 




199 


9 


157 


199 




207 


8 


158 


207 




216 


9 


161 


216 




223 


7 


161 


223 




229 


6 


163 


229 




236 


7 


162 


236 




244 


8 


163 


244 




249.5 


5.5 


163 


249 




255 


6 


161 



22 



QUENCHING MEDIA 



WATER 


Temperature 


of Quenching Bath 






°F. 




Time in Seconds 


Start 




Finish 




78 




88 


59 


73 




83 


57 


74 




82 


58 


98 




106 


58 


101 




108 


58 


100 




108 


58 


125 




132 


59 


73 




84 


57 


83 




91 


57 


83 




91 . 


57 


100 




110 


59 


100 




109 


58 


125 




133 


60 


150 




157 


67 


150 




157 


66 


175 




180 


89 


175 




180 


96 


175 




180 


87 


175 




179 


87 



Brinell Hardness Comparison 

A TEST piece of basic open hearth steel, Y^' in diameter 
-^"^ by 6" long, of the following composition was used 
in the following experiment : — 

Carbon 93 

Manganese 532 

Silicon 182 

Phosphorus 028 

Sulphur 032 

23 



QUENCHING MEDIA 



The piece was quenched from 1500° F. at every 20° F. 
rise in the temperature of the quenching bath of hough- 
ton's NO. 2 SOLUBLE QUENCHING OIL. The results were 
as follows: 



Houghton's No. 2 
Soluble Quenching Oil 
Temperature of ° F. 


Brinell Hardness 


40 






430 


60 






430 


70 






430 


90 






418 


100 






418 


120 






418 


140 






418 


160 






418 


180 






418 


200 






418 


210 






418 


230 






418 


250 






418 


270 






402 


290 






402 


300 






402 



It should be noted that the temperature of the quench- 
ing bath had practically no effect upon the hardness 
obtained. 

Endurance Test 

PRACTICAL tests were made in a number of plants 
to ascertain whether Houghton's no. 2 soluble 
QUENCHING OIL deteriorated with continued use. 

Material — Two nickel steel bars, carbon .30, Ni. 3.48. 
Size of bars, 1}/^'' diameter by 4}4'' long. 
24 



QUENCHING MEDIA 



These bars were heated side by side to 1480° F. 
Bar No. 1 was quenched in two gallons fresh oil. 
Bar No. 2 was quenched in oil that had been in use 
one year. 

After quenching, both bars were drawn at 1100° F. 

No. 1 No. 2 

Lbs. per sq. in. Lbs. per sq. in. 

Elastic limit 80,000 80,000 

Tensile strength 103,900 103,750 

The results were practically the same, showing that 
the oil which had been in use one year was still equivalent 
to new oil. 

Another test was made of two pieces of steel, weighing 
forty pounds each and showing a Brinell hardness of 131, 
one being quenched in a tank containing houghton's 
NO. 2 SOLUBLE QUENCHING OIL, which had been in use for 
a period of four years, and another in a tank containing 
fresh oil. The quenching temperatures of the two pieces 
were equal. The old oil had a temperature of 100° F. 
before the steel was quenched and 110° F. after quench- 
ing, and gave a Brinell hardness of 286. The new oil at 
70° F. before quenching and at 82° F. after quenching, 
gave a Brinell hardness of 286. The slight difference in 
rise in temperature of the two baths was due to the 
different volumes. The new oil was somewhat cooler, 
but this gave the new oil the advantage. The old oil 
had been in service for over four years, but in that length 
of time it had shown no evidence of having lost its 
hardening properties. 

Another test was made with two pieces of .57% carbon 
steel, 1 inch in diameter by 10 inches long, heated to 
1515° F. at the same time in the same furnace, one 

25 



QUENCHING MEDIA 



quenched in new oil and one in old oil, both specimens 
being then heated in the same furnace at the same time 
to 1150° F. for drawing the temper. Result: — 

Elastic Ultimate Per cent. Per cent. 

Limit Strength Elongation Red. 

lbs. per sq. in. lbs. per sq. in. in 2 in. of Area 

Old 88,140 125,850 19 43.3 

New 86,300 122,300 19 43 . 8 

Again, it will be noted that the old oil was as effective 
as the new. 

Quenching in Oil from Cyanide 

/^WING to the saponifiable effect of cyanide on fatty 
^^ matter, producing soap and thickening the quench- 
ing medium, we process Houghton's no. 2 soluble quench- 
ing OIL and remove the fat content to eliminate the effect 
of this cyanide upon the quenching oil. 

This processed product is known as houghton's no. 3 
SOLUBLE quenching OIL. It possesses the same quenching 
speed and physical properties of houghton's no. 2 soluble 

QUENCHING OIL. 

When surface hardening with cyanide and quenching 
in oil, there is always a quantity of cyanide brought over 
with the work into the quenching oil, and as a result the 
saponification which takes place between the cyanide and 
the fatty matter in the quenching oil produces thickening, 
and renders the quenching medium unfit for use. 

Some concerns remove this cyanide by washing the 
quenching oil with water to dissolve the cyanide. This 
is objectionable, as many concerns are not equipped to 
take care of the percentage of moisture held in suspension 
by the oil. For cyanide hardening, therefore, we recom- 

26 



QUENCHING MEDIA 



mend Houghton's no. 3 soluble quenching oil. It is 
particularly adapted to this purpose and is not affected 
by the cyanide remaining upon the work. 

Oil Circulation in the Cooling Tank 

npHE heated oil should be removed from the top of the 
quenching tank, and after cooling, run to the bottom 
of the tank. It is always advisable to have the cooling 
system so equipped that the coldest oil comes in contact 
with the coldest water; that is, have the water inlet in 
contact with the oil outlet. Hence, the heated oil should 
flow into the cooling tank at the top and out at the 
bottom, while the cooling water should flow in at the 
bottom and out at the top. 

We recommend a volume of oil in the quenching system 
equivalent to one gallon of oil for every pound of steel 
quenched per hour. That is, if it is desired to quench 
10,000 pounds of steel per hour, a quenching system hold- 
ing 10,000 gallons of Houghton's no. 2 soluble quenching 
OIL will be required. 

The specific heat of no. 2 soluble quenching oil is .487, 
and the weight of NO. 2 soluble quenching oil is 7.25 
pounds per gallon. One pound of steel heated to 1550° F., 
quenched in one gallon of no. 2. soluble quenching oil 
at 80° F. raises the temperature of the oil 62° F. There- 
fore, to maintain a temperature of the quenching oil 
between 80° and 150° F. when the temperature of the 
cooling water is at least 70° F., there will be required an 
oil circulation of .653 gallons per hour, a water circulation 
of .600 gallon per hour, with a cooling system consisting 
of .1405 foot of 3-inch wrought iron pipe, or .207 foot of 

27 



QUENCHING MEDIA 



2-inch pipe, or .375 foot of 1-inch pipe for every pound 
of steel quenched per hour. 

That is, if 10,000 pounds of steel per hour are to be 
quenched, a system of 10,000 gallons of oil circulated at 
the rate of 109 gallons per minute through a cooling system 
consisting of 1405 feet of 3-inch pipe, or 2070 feet of 2-inch 
pipe, or 3750 feet of 1-inch pipe, surrounded by water 
circulated at the rate of 100 gallons per minute, will be 
required. 

The pumping capacity can, of course, be decreased if 
the cooling system is increased, or vice versa. 

These calculations are based on the mean specific heat 
of steel of .166 B. T. U.; that is to say, if 1 pound of steel 
can be raised 1° F., it will require .166 B. T. U., and 
when 1 pound of steel is lowered 1° F., it gives off .166 
B. T. U. 

Quenching steel from 1550° to 150° F. equals 1400 x .166 
B. T. U., or 232 B. T. U. taken from the steel. Then the 
number of pounds of steel to be quenched per hour, 
multiplied by 232 B. T. U. equals the number of B. T. U. 
which must be extracted from the oil per hour by the 
cooling system. 

The size of quenching tanks required for any particular 
class of work depends upon the size of the pieces to be 
treated. The quenching tank should be of a suflftcient 
depth to permit submerging of the work. 

All hardening baths should be constructed with the 
end in view of keeping the temperatures of the bath 
constant at all times. 

Where water is used, a considerable circulation is neces- 
sary to keep the water from becoming stagnant, and also 

28 



QUENCHING MEDIA 



to keep the water cool. Brine-hardening is practiced 
very little. When used, however, it is customary to place 
a small tank of brine in another tank containing running 
water. For oil hardening, if the quantity of the work 
is small, the quenching tank may also be set in a tank of 
circulating water. 

Where large batches of work are oil quenched, the 
constant quenching of the heated metal in the oil raises 
its temperature and this makes it necessary to cool the oil. 

Cooling the quenching oil is accomplished by several 
methods. 

The ammonia refrigerating machine has been employed 
for this purpose to some extent, the hot oil being cir- 
culated, cooled and returned to the tank. 

Circulating cold water through coils in the quenching 
tank is another method. 

Removing the heated oil from the tank and passing it 
through coils, which are surrounded by cold water (in a 
cooling tank), and then pumping it back to the quenching 
tank is the method in general use, and in our opinion the 
most desirable method, as there is less possibility of 
leaking from the coils when this scheme is employed. 

Precautions must be taken to prevent water leaking 
into the quenching oil. 



29 



HIGH-SPEED STEEL 

TLJIGH-SPEED STEEL is manufactured from alloys, 
which raise the critical points of the steel, and 
naturally raise the hardening temperatures. 

The critical point of high carbon steel averages 1375° 
to 1400° F., whereas, the alloys used in the manufacturing 
of high-speed steel raise the hardening point above 
1900° F. 

Care must be exercised in quenching high-speed steel 
as the amount of heat extracted from a piece of high- 
speed steel from 2000° to atmospheric temperature is 
tremendous. This sudden change is very sharp, and sets 
up strains and stresses in the steel. 

The quenching medium best adapted for quenching 
high-speed steel depends entirely upon the composition 
of the steel. 

For some steels Houghton's no. 2 soluble quenching 
OIL possesses too great a quenching speed; that is, it 
withdraws the heat from the steel in too short a time. 
Therefore, where it is desired to quench high-speed steel 
direct from the hardening temperature of the steel into 
the quenching oil, we recommend Houghton's no. S solu- 
ble quenching oil. This oil is slower in its quenching 
speed than NO. 2 soluble quenching oil, and reduces 
strains and stresses to a much greater extent than quench- 
ing in a sharp quenching oil or one possessing the refriger- 
ating properties of our NO. 2 soluble quenching oil. 

Some concerns prefer to quench high-speed steel from 
its hardening temperature into a salt, previously heated 
to a temperature of 1200° F. to 1400° F., to reduce the 

30 



QUENCHING MEDIA 



suddenness of cooling the high-speed steel. Inasmuch as 
the critical points of high-speed steel are high, sufficient 
hardness is retained by quenching from the hardening 
point of the steel into melted salts at a temperature of 
1200° F. 

After the quenched steel has been allowed to remain in 
the salts for a few minutes, the steel is withdrawn and 
allowed to cool in the atmosphere, or quenched in oil. 

Houghton's high-speed steel salts are particularly 
adapted for those concerns who prefer this method of 
quenching. 

Unless care is exercised in the heating of high-speed 
steel at such a high hardening temperature, the steel will 
tend to scale very readily, and very often decarburize 
the extreme surface. 

Houghton's high-speed steel salts, owing to their 
slight carburizing action, will carburize the extreme sur- 
face of the steel, which may have been decarburized in 
the heating operation to such an extent that the losses 
due to decarburization are reduced to a minimum. 

Inasmuch as the temper or brittleness is withdrawn 
from high-speed steel in the tempering operation, the use 
of Houghton's high-speed steel salts, eliminates the 
tempering operation. 

Many manufacturers have found that this method 
produces high-speed steel tools of greater efficiency than 
when quenched from the hardening point direct in oil. 
This operation with Houghton's high-speed steel salts 
not only obviates all brittleness, but strains and stresses 
as well, in the steel which may be set up in the quenching 
operation. 

31 



HOUGHTON'S TEMPERING OILS 

'l^O obtain maximum hardness, steel is quenched in a 
rapid quenching medium, which results in brittleness^ 
and usually develops strains and stresses, especially with 
intricate shaped work, and this factor must be relieved 
or overcome in the operation of "tempering." 

This operation consists in placing the steel to be 
tempered in a bath of tempering oil, and raising the oil 
to the temperature necessary to relieve sufficient brittle- 
ness, strains and stresses for the best service of the steel. 

The higher the temperature at which the steel is 
tempered, the greater the amount of brittleness removed. 

In other words, the higher the temperature the more 
"toughness" is imparted to the steel, while in the same 
time the hardness is reduced proportionally. The practical 
man knows from experience what degree of hardness and 
toughness is required and the temperature necessary to 
give the steel the desired service required. 

It is necessary in selecting a tempering oil to obtain 
one possessing a flash point at least 50° F. higher than 
the highest temperature at which the steel is tempered. 

In the manufacture of Houghton's tempering oils we 
have produced high flash point oils with the least per- 
centage of free carbon, and which will not form or deposit 
coke at tempering. Coke deposited or formed from 
tempering oils acts as a non-conductor of heat and oft- 
times causes the bottom of the pots to burn out, necessi- 
tating the expense of new equipment. 

Houghton's tempering oils will not oxidize or gum. 

32 



QUENCHING MEDIA 



Houghton's tempering oils are manufactured with 
flash tests from 450° to 630° F. and fire tests from 500° 
to 700° F. 

Use Large Tanks 

ALL drawing pots should be large enough to hold 

sufiicient oil to cover the parts to be drawn. It is 

poor economy to worry along with small tempering pots. 

Keep the Oil Moving 

/^WING to the extremely high temperatures at which 
these oils are used, it is absolutely necessary to keep 
these oils moving as the high heats used are apt to char 
the oils and cake. 

Removing Tempering Oils 

TRIPPING the work after tempering in a bath of kero- 
sene or headlight oil removes the excess oil adhering 
to the work, and then by placing the stock in a boiling 
bath of Soda Ash or Wyandotte Soda the work will be 
cleansed thoroughly. 

Consult Us Freely 

'\^7E are constantly improving our products as new 
inventions and discoveries permit. This has been 
our policy for years. 

The HOUGHTON RESEARCH STAFF includes not merely 
those upon our exclusive pay roll, but many of the highest 
authorities upon heat treating in the world, who are 
retained by us for consulting work. 

33 



QUENCHING MEDIA 



Table of Tempering Heats 

Showing Colors Corresponding to Different Temperatures 

Color 

215.6° C. 420° F Very faint yellow 

221.1° C. 430° F Very pale yellow 

226.7° C. 440° F Light yellow 

232.2° C. 450° F Pale straw yellow 

237.8° C. 460° F Deep straw yellow 

243.2° C. 470° F Dark yellow— straw yellow 

248.9° C. 480° F Deep straw 

254.4° C. 490° F Yellow brown 

260.0° C. 500° F Brown yellow 

265.6° C. 510° F Spotted red brown 

271.7° C. 520° F Brown purple 

276.7° C. 530° F Light purple 

282.2° C. 540° F Full purple 

287.8° C. 550° F Dark purple 

293.3° C. 560° F Full blue 

298.9° C. 570° F Dark blue 

315.6° C. 600° F Very dark blue 

Hardening Heats ^ , 

Color 

400° C. 752° F Red— Visible in dark 

474° C. 885° F Red— Visible in twilight 

525° C. 975° F Red— Visible in daylight 

581° C. 1077° F Red— Visible in sunlight 

700° C. 1292° F Dark red 

800° C. 1472° F Dull cherry red 

900° C. 1652° F Cherry red 

1000° C. 1832° F Bright cherry red 

1100° C. 2012° F Orange red 

1200° C. 2192° F Orange yellow 

1300° C. 2372° F Yellow white 

1400° C. 2552° F White-welding 

1500° C. 2732° F Brilliant white 

1600° C. 2912° F Bluish white 

34 



QUENCHING MEDIA 



To reduce the degrees of a Fahrenheit thermometer to 
those of Reaumer and the Centigrade, and contrariwise : — 
Fahrenheit to Reaumer — If above the freezing point — 
Subtract 32 from the number of degrees, multiply the 
remainder by 4, and divide the product by 9. 

Thus: 212° — 32° X 4 - 9 = 80°. 

If below the freezing point — Add 32 to the number of 
degrees, multiply the remainder by 4, and divide the 
product by 9. 

Thus: -40° + (-32°) X 4 - 9 = -32°. 

Reaumer to Fahrenheit — Multiply the number of degrees 
by 9, and divide the product by 4. Then, when they are 
above the freezing point, add 32 to the quotient, and 
when they are below subtract 32. 

Thus: 80° X 9 -^ 4 + 32° = 212°. 

Thus: -32° X 9 - 4 — (-32°) = -40°. 

Fahrenheit to Centigrade — If above the freezing point — 
Subtract 32 from the number of degrees, multiply the 
remainder by 5, and divide the product by 9. 

Thus: 212° — 32° X 5 - 9 = 100°. 

If below the freezing point — Add 32 to the number of 
degrees, multiply the remainder by 5, and divide the 
product by 9. 

Thus: -40° + (-32°) X 5 ^ 9 = -40°. 

Centigrade to Fahrenheit — Multiply the number of de- 
grees by 9, and divide the product by 5. Then, when 
they are above the freezing point, add 32 to the quotient, 
and when they are below subtract 32, 

Thus: 100° X 9 -^ 5 + 32° = 212°. 

Thus: -10° X 9 -^ 5 — (-32°) = 14°. 
35 



QUENCHING MEDIA 



Reaumer to Centigrade — Multiply by .25 and add the 
product, or divide by 4, and add the product. 

Thus: 80° X .25 + 80° = 100°. 

Or: 80° - 4 + 80° = 100°. 

Centigrade to Reaumer — Divide by 5 and subtract the 
quotient. 

Thus: 100° - 5 = 20°; 100 — 20° = 80°. 



36 



HOUGHTON'S 

High-Speed Steel Salts 

Tj^OR quenching high-speed steel from the hardening 
-*- temperature. 

Melt at 1100° to 1200° Fahr. 

High-Speed Steel when quenched in a molten bath of 
these salts, allowed to soak for several minutes and then 
cooled in the air, will be free from strains, stresses, de- 
carburization and oxidation. 

Increase efficiency of the steel. 

Produce desired hardness and toughness. 

Put up in 25 lb., 50 lb., 100 lb. packages; half-barrels 
and barrels. 



37 



^ steel part ^orth polishing is yporth 
protecting against rust 

hLVERY polished steel surface in your plant would 
be better for a coat of RUST VETO. Applied like 
paint, by brushing, dipping or spraying, 

HOUGHTON'S 

forms a complete, impervious, transparent film. This 
film protects absolutely against rust — both from without 
and within. 

RUST VETO is the only rust preventive that gives 
double protection — protection against moisture outside of 
the protective coating, and against moisture on the metal 
surface under the coating. 

Send for 

"THE STORY OF RUST" 

Its Scientific Causes and Practical Prevention 

By the Houghton Research Staff 

This hook tells you how you can VETO R UST on your 
product. 



38 



For Surface Hardening 

TF you want the surface hardness Imparted by potassium 
cyanide, without the objectionable, poisonous gases, 
be sure to test 

HOUGHTON'S 

Reg. U. S. Pat. Off. 

SURFACE HARDENING 
COMPOUND 

REPLACES CYANIDE 

This granulated compound produces the same results 
as cyanide except that it will not give as brilliant colors. 

Weight per cubic foot is 27% less than the ordinary 
fused forms of cyanide. 

Rapid penetration at same heats, deep, compact- 
grained case and absence of poisonous fumes are more 
of its advantages. 

Supplied in packages of 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 pounds, 
half-barrels and barrels. 



39 




It is possible to obtain many carbur- 
izing materials that will give a hard and 
compact case in SOME instances. 

With— 

HOUGHTON'S 

Carburizing Materials 

you are sure of uniform results 
EVERY time. 

If uniformity of work is a factor to 
you, you need Houghton's. 



40 



3477-125 
Lot 52 



E. F. HOUGHTON &f COMPANY 

OILS and LEATHERS >r M^ INDUSTRIES 

AGENCIES IN PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIAL CENTERS 

ALLENTOWN, PA., 127 N. Eighth St Phone: 2173R 

ATLANTA, GA., 1001 Healey Bldg Phone: Ivy 4651 

BALTIMORE. MD., 2002 E. 31st St Phone: Homewood 4300 

BOSTON 17, MASS., 755 Boylston St Phone: Back Bay 3829 

BUFFALO, N. Y., 148 Fordham Drive Phone: Bidwell 900 

CHICAGO, ILL., 3516-3538 Shields Ave Phone: Boulevard 4055 

CINCINNATI, 0., 511 Gwynne Bldg., 6th and Main Sts Phone: Canal 2119 

CLEVELAND, 0., 919 James St Phone: Main 7897 

COLUMBUS, O., 915 New Hayden Bldg Phone: Main 4721 

DAVENPORT, lA., 805 Putnam Bldg Phone: No. 8623 

DENVER, COLO., 508 Mining Exchange Bldg. 
DETROIT, MICH., Beaufait. M. C. R. R. & E. Lafayette 

Blvd Phone: Edgewood 2410 

GREENSBORO, N. C, P. 0. Box 81 Phone: Greensboro 3271 

GREENVILLE, S. C, 511 Masonic Temple Bldg Phone: Greenville 2316 

HARRISBURG, PA., 108 Market St Phone: Harrisburg 3501 

HARTFORD, CONN., 329 Church St Phone: 2-4801 

INDIANAPOLIS, IND., 617 Merchants' Bank 

Bldg Phones: Main 6788-L. D. Main 7200 

KALAMAZOO. MICH., 523 John St., P. 0. Box 515. .. . Phone: Kalamazoo 1063J 

LOS ANGELES, CAL., 769 Central Ave Phone: Pico 6061 

MILWAUKEE, WIS., 611 Majestic Bldg Phone: Grand 4329 

NEWARK, N. J., 207 Market St Phone: Market 4778 

NEW YORK, N. Y., 432 Canal St Phone: Canal 8094 

PHILADELPHIA, PA., 

Third. American and Somerset Sts Phone: Kensington 7100 

PITTSBURGH, PA., 501 Manufacturers Bldg Phone: Smithfield 1960 

PORTLAND, ORE., Pacific Machinery & Tool Steel Co., 

44-46 First St Phone: Broadway 319 

SAN FRANCISCO, CAL., 16 California St Phone: Douglas 293 

ST. LOUIS, MO., 418 N. Third St Phone: Olive 3559 

SEATTLE, WASH., Pacific Machinery & Tool Steel Co., 

308 Maynard Bldg , Phone: Main 1638 

SYRACUSE, N. Y., 413 Seitz Bldg Phone: Warren 23 

TROY, N. Y., 371 Eighth St. 

ENGLAND, IRELAND and WALES, E. Vaughan & Co., Ltd., Legge St., 

Birmingham Phones: Central 6557 and 6558 

SCOTLAND James S. Crawford & Sons, 73 Dunlop St., 

Glasgow Phone: Central 7547 

FRANCE Societe des Produits Houghton, 10, Rue Sainte-Cecile, 

Paris Phones: Gutenberg 33-08— Bergere 47-40 

NEW ZEALAND Pavkel Brothers, Ltd., Brunswick Bldgs., 174 Queen St., 

Auckland, 250-252 Wakefield St., WeUington 
AUSTRALIA Pavkel Brothers, Ltd., P. O. Box 116, Auckland, New Zealand 
NORWAY Sverre Fogh-Smith, Akersgt. 7, Christiania 
SPAIN La Maquinaria Anglo-Americana Casilla Correo 256, Barcelona 
BELGIUM Agence Industrielle beige, A. Vanswieten & L. Geenens 

4 Rue de la Vallee, 4, Ghent 
JAPAN Yamatake Co., 7-C Marunouchi, Tokyo 



